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一起赞颂全归安拉——众世界的养育者,祝福祝安万圣的封印者、我们的先知穆罕默德,祝福他的家眷和圣门弟子以及以最优美的方式跟随他们的人直到复生日。

经过岁月的流逝,时代的变迁,妇女们已迷失了自我;个性被扼杀、自由被剥夺,变得毫无价值;而且无时无刻都遭受着各种凌辱、不义、压迫、私语、错误的诚信铸造她的一生。

当阿拉伯半岛使命之光显现,当天启的经文频繁的降临于使者(愿主喜悦之)时;凭借着这伟大的宗教妇女们成为最幸福的人。这个宗教卸掉了蒙昧时期她们所肩负的重担,卸掉了迷误的枷锁(崇拜安拉以外的主宰)。

据奥麦尔·本·罕塔布的传述说:“以安拉起誓!蒙昧时期我们更本不懂注重女人的地位,直到安拉降示了经文:“给她们分配应得的份额”(1)。之后妇女们得到了高度重视。安拉以最完美的方式创造了人类并使其优越于很多人。正如在《古兰经》中所说:“我确已优待了阿丹的后裔,而使他们在陆上或海上都有所骑乘,我以优美的事物供给他们,我使他们大大超过了我所创造的许多人。”(2)

筛黑伊本·赛尔德(愿主喜悦之)说:这是安拉对人类的优待和善待,人们无法估计;他以最优美的方式优待了阿丹的后裔,赐予他们知识、理智并为他们派遣了使者,降示了经典,使他们的一部分人成为安拉的朋友和密友;赐予他们明显和隐晦的恩典(3)。

的确,伊斯兰赐予妇女们体面生活的权利、功修和知识。教法责成提拨了她们——使教法责成成为她的天性——并且保护她的信仰,纯洁她的道德和启发。同样允诺他们将得到后世的回报。安拉说:“凡行善的男女信士,我誓比要使他们过一种美满的生活,我誓比要以他们所行的最大善功报酬他们”(4)。

这个伟大的宗教为妇女保证了其它一些经济和社会方面的权利,《古兰经》反复提到孝敬母亲,特别强调要关照她,善待她。在孝敬与善待方面比父亲更多的去关照母亲;在信仰领域中妇女受到为人妻的权利;她的生活充满了喜爱、怜悯、付出和给予。使者(愿主福安之)把妇女称之为今世最昂贵的宝物,人们致力于获得之由于她的善良。使者(愿主福安之)说:“今世就是享受而今世最好的享受就是善良的女人”(5)。

善待与优待的恩惠接踵而至,授予妇女知识的荣誉,知识是宗教的基础和源泉;她从中获取教律、教法;然后她受到安拉的命令去寻求认识它;使命以知识而显现。《古兰经》以知识开始;安拉说:“你奉你的创造主的名义而宣读”(6);

主的使者(愿主福安之)鼓励男人们以最优美的方式教育他们的丫鬟并报喜他们将得到加倍的回赐。布哈里在其圣训集中提到:艾布·百里德传自于其父说:主的使者说:“谁如果有丫鬟而很好的教育之后释放并聘娶了她,那么就会得到两份回赐”(7)。

安拉优待了妇女,因为她们传播知识并授之于人们。安拉呼吁信士之母们说:“你们应当谨记在你们家中所宣谈的安拉的迹象和格言,安拉是玄妙的,是彻知的”(8)。

安拉命令他们传达在自己的家中所宣谈的安拉的迹象和他们所看到哲理——它就是主启示给使者的言语和行为方面的圣训,以便把它授之以于人们而遵守其中的教律,并且效仿使者(9)。

因为这件伟大的事情安拉满足了信士之母的要求;圣妻阿依舍在宣教方面与传达方面作出了重大的贡献,因为她是信士之母中最有才华、传述圣训最多的人,从使者(愿主福安之)那里传述了2210段圣训。传述千段圣训的有四位:艾布胡莱勒,阿卜杜拉·本·奥麦尔、艾乃斯·本·马立克和圣妻阿依舍(愿安拉喜悦他们)(10)。

圣门弟子和再传弟子中的大学者们都承认阿依舍的知识、传述和法学的资格。据艾布穆萨艾施而里(愿主喜悦之)的传述说:“当我们对一段圣训含糊时,我们就会询问阿依舍,然后我们就会得到满意的答案”(11)。

安塔仪说:“阿依舍是人们中最精明,见解最高明”(12)。

买斯如格说:“以安拉发誓!的确我们看到很多的大圣门弟子询问阿依舍有关遗产的问题”(13)。

信士之母所达到的学术水平可以与杰出的学者相媲美,那是喜欢知识的成果,感觉有担负知识的责任。因为使者可以聆听天启、哲理、学习并温习它。布哈里记载,艾布买里克传述:“当圣妻阿依舍听到自己不知道的问题时,就会反复审查直至弄明白。” 先知(愿主福安之)曾说:“被清算的人会受到惩罚”,阿依舍说:“难道安拉没有说:‘他将接受简易的清算’”(14);

然后使者(愿主福安之)说:“那个场合详细被清算的人,将会陷于威境”(15)。

往往她会询问使者一件伊斯兰重大的问题而很多人却不知道,然后他们就此询问她。据麦斯如给传述说:我曾和阿依舍在一起,我是靠着的。他说:阿依舍的父亲啊!有三句话,谁如果说了其中的一句,他便替安拉的名义撒了谎。我说那三句话?她回答到:谁妄称穆罕默德看见了养主者,确已替安拉的名义撒了谎。我本来靠着,然后坐起来说:信士之母啊!您先等等。难道安拉没有说:“他确已看见他明显的天边”(16);“的确,他另一次看见了他”(17)吗?然后她说:“我是这个民族中第一个就此问题询问主的使者的人。”然后主的使者回答:“他只是哲百依里天使” (18)。

由于阿依舍对知识的精通和胜任完全可以进行裁决和演绎。她也是圣门弟子时期裁决最多的七人之一,有一百三十多位圣门弟子(包括男女)背记了很多他们裁决的法律(19)。这些优美的提问及有益的对话是获取知识的途径之一。众世界的养育者鼓励人们这样做;

安拉说:“如果你们不知道的时候,应当询问有知识的人们”(20)。这段经文及类似的经文得到了先辈女信士们广泛的响应,她们争先恐后的获取知识,了解宗教,难道你们没有看到吗?艾斯玛仪(愿主喜悦之)说,圣门弟子们争先恐后的来到她跟前询问使者的一句话“对你们(指有知识的人)有两次迁徙;对我的圣门弟子们又一次迁徙。” 在伊斯兰来临后,他们从来没有这样欢乐过,同时他们相信艾斯玛仪,因为她就此问题请教过使者;并从使者那里明白了伟大见证的含义。像这样的圣门弟子很多,由于女信士们所具备的深爱伊斯兰,坚持不懈的了解其教律及其礼节;她们勇往直前寻求知识,注重它并以温和的方式把它传达给人们。辅士的女人们拥挤在使者的家门为了了解宗教,了解教律。这有力的证明了她们对知识的重视。据阿依舍说:“妇女们真优秀啊!她们就是辅士的妇女们,不耻下问的询问宗教律例”(21)。教法书籍和学术性的参考书是长期宣教、劝导和教育而得出的优美的成果。这些求知的妇女们,她们就像使者前面的树苗,汲取使者优美教导的养分,她们致力于喜欢、获取并拥有知识。圣训集记录了她们求知方面的丰功伟绩,我以摘取其果实而感到荣誉。

———————————————————

    标注:

    (1)《布哈里圣训集》第421、4913段圣训;《穆斯林圣训集》第930、1479段圣训。

    (2)《夜行章》第70节。

    (3)《施恩主言语的解释》第414页。

    (4)《蜜蜂章》第97节。

    (5)《穆斯林圣训集》第440、5083段圣训。

    (6)《血块章》第一节。

    (7)《布哈里圣训集》第440、5083段圣训。

    (8)《同盟军章》第34节。

    (9)《退布里经注》第九册22页;《伊本·凯西尔经注》第三册487页;《古兰经教律》伊本·阿拉伯著第三册1538页;《伊本·赛义德经注》612页。

    (10)《对于引证阿依舍对圣门弟子补充说明的答复》第59页;《使者时代的女宣教员》第104页。

    (11)《铁米济圣训集》第2049、3883段圣训,他说这段圣训是良好正确的。

    (12)《海纳百川》第1883;《杰出领袖的生平》第二册185页。

    (13)《精髓》第二册32页。

    (14)《绽裂章》第8节。

    (15)《布哈里圣训集》第11、103段;《穆斯林圣训集》第1176、2876段圣训。

    (16)《黯章》第23节。

    (17)《星宿章》第13节。

    (18)《穆斯林圣训集》第708、177段圣训;《布哈里圣训集》第415、4856段圣训。

    (19)《学者的标志》第一册12页;《使者对劝化青年的方针》第415页。

 

    (20)《蜜蜂章》第43节;《穆斯林圣训集》第732、323段

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