(2)

 

    艾奈斯根据温姆素来姆的传述说:主的使者啊!艾奈斯是侍奉你的人,你为他向安拉祈祷吧!然后主的使者祈祷:“主啊!求你使他子孙满堂,生活富裕吧。”(1)

    他是温姆素来姆·米里汗之女。要求者是谁?是辅士海滋勒知部落。对她的名字有不同的说法。人们说她的名为姆来开赛赫来、如买斯、如买萨或古买萨。他很早就和一些辅士们一起加入了伊斯兰,蒙昧时期她曾嫁给马立克·本·乃祖尔,为他生了艾奈斯,之后为自己的丈夫介绍了伊斯兰,她的丈夫没有接受,一气之下去了叙利亚客死他乡。之后艾布·塔里哈向他求婚,她要求他以加入伊斯兰为聘礼,然后他加入了伊斯兰并聘娶了她。她为他生了非常可爱的孩子,但是孩子归真了,她忍耐了安拉的考验。她的事众所周知,记录在两大圣训集中(2)。然后安拉以另一个孩子弥补了失子之痛,并给于吉祥的孩子——阿卜杜拉·本·艾布塔里哈。安拉赐予阿卜杜拉十个孩子,孩子们都背记了《古兰经》并从他跟前学习了知识。自从使者来到麦地那温姆素来姆让艾奈斯侍奉使者,直到使者归真,当时艾奈斯十岁。温姆素来姆与使者一起参战,她参加了吾候德战役,给口渴的战士送水。她也参加了胡乃尼战役,其中受到了优美的考验,她是聪惠优秀的妇女。她从使者那儿传述了很多的圣训,她的儿子艾奈斯、伊本安巴斯、宰德·本·撒比特及其他的圣门弟子都从她那里传述了圣训。

    生词解释:

    “吉祥”:即所有善事的增长增多,以“吉祥”为他人祈祷。“吉祥”是及物动词,吉庆是不及物动词(4)

    圣训的益处:

    一:温姆素来姆对自己的儿子艾奈斯无微不至的关心和疼爱,她一直没有结婚直到他成为青年;她命令自己的儿子具备这些道德(5)。当艾奈斯十岁时,她带着艾奈斯去见使者,以便陪伴使者侍奉他为荣誉,并且请求使者为其祈祷。

    二:请教时口气温和,谦虚求教;温姆素来姆语气柔和的请求使者:主的使者啊!我愿以我的父母为你牺牲,我有一个小小的请求,这是小艾奈斯 ——您的侍奉者。另一个传述记载:你的小侍奉者,你为他向安拉祈祷吧。这种具有哲理的铺垫促使被请教者聆听并实现其愿望。

    三:主的使者怜悯这位妇女(温姆素来姆),聆听了她的请求,并马上实现了她的愿望,为她的孩子做了祈祷;为了实现其愿望获得高兴。正如艾奈斯所说:“他为我祈祷了所有的福利。”

    四:教法规定穆斯林之间相互祈祷今后两世的福利,祈祷安拉赐予子孙满堂生活富裕;这和祈祷后世的福利没有冲突和矛盾,因为人们可以借助合法的钱财、清廉的子孙得到后世的福利(6)。

    五:当祈祷有关今世的事项时,最好的礼节即:同时祈祷安拉在祈求的事项中将示吉祥、保护它免遭其伤害;当钱财和子孙中将示了吉祥时,就不会存在磨难、灾难和伤害。安拉赐福了艾奈斯及其子孙,他们都背诵了《古兰经》传达了知识。

    六:这段圣训是使者为圣的标志之一;安达应答了他的祈祷;艾奈斯拥有渊博的知识及子孙满堂,只有他的园圃一年结果两次。艾奈斯说:“指安拉发誓!今天我拥有了光多的财富子孙满堂大概100左右。”并说:“主的使者为我祈祷了三件事情,在今世看到了其中的两件,我希望最后一件在后世可以实现。”安拉应答了使者对艾奈斯的祈祷,他叙述安拉赐予他的恩典是为了表达安拉的恩惠及对安拉的感谢(8)。

    七:贫穷与富有都是来自安拉的赏赐,安拉以此考验自己的仆民是否感谢和忍耐。正如安拉说:“每个人都要尝试死亡的滋味,我以善恶考验你们,你们最终将归向我”(9)。富有的考验即:渴望得到钱财并喜欢之,通过非法的渠道赚取,在一些必须费用的地方不费用。贫穷的考验即:满足于低下的物质生活,不存在什么福利、虔诚和忍耐,甚至由于这个原因贫穷者进退两难。正确的圣训提到先知从中向安拉祈求保护。据阿仪舍的传述:主的使者做了祈祷:“主啊!求你保护我免遭富有贫穷的考验……(10)。真正的恩惠就是知足,不是过于富有或身无分文,还要避免奢侈与乞讨的卑贱。安拉的确施恩与默罕默德(愿主福安之)赏赐了他今后两世的福利。安拉说:“难道他没有发现你孤苦伶仃而使你有所归宿?他曾发现你徘徊歧途而把你引入正路;发现你家境贫寒而使你丰衣足食”(11)。有些人妄称众圣门弟子在解放了很多地区,仍然喜欢过清贫的生活,弃绝红尘;众所周知这是不正确的说法。他们有些保留了自己的财物;同时孝敬父母、善待亲戚以换取安拉的喜悦。有些人则坚持曾经的生活方式,依然过着清贫的生活,不贪恋红尘,远离灯红酒绿的都市来博得安拉的喜悦,为主道付出手中所有的财物。这种人相对而言是凤毛麟角的。谁如果研究了前三辈的历史,便会了解事实的真相。贫穷优越于富裕或富裕优越于贫穷这是长期以来有争议的话题,学者之间有不同的说法。有些学者认为贫穷优越于富裕,他们引证了几段圣训。使者说:“我观看了天堂,发现天堂的大部分居民是贫穷者”(12)。又说:“对信士来说贫穷比骏马漂亮的笼头更美丽”(13)。同样他们以淡泊今世、不贪恋红尘为依据。而有些学者认为富裕优越于贫穷,他们也引经据典。当使者侧睡于右边时念:“主啊!养育天空大地伟大宝座的主啊!求你替我们还清债务,求你使我们富裕摆脱贫穷”(14)。又说:“只能对两种人嫉妒,第一个人,安拉给他赏赐了财富,然后他为真理付出了所有;另一个人,安拉给他赏赐了知识,然后他以知识裁决并把它传授与他人的人”(15)。据我们所知所有的先知、追随者、崇拜安拉的修士和学者们在祈祷时没有说过:“我们的主啊!求您使我们贫穷吧!”安拉也没有要求他们这样做。而安拉要求他们这样祈祷:“主啊!求您给养我。主啊求您是使安康……”穆团里富((愿主怜悯之)说:“我更喜欢的是我得到安康,然后我感谢安拉;而不是我受到考验,然后去忍耐。总而言之,贫穷与富裕的考验就像是病症与安康的考验。谁如果在今世克服了种种困难和灾难,付出努力的同时情愿了安拉的前定,安拉会赐予他后世重大的回报;谁如果拥有了今世的财富,为此而感谢了安拉,完成了安拉所规定的义务,费用于慈善、孝顺、援助宗教、远离安拉恼怒的事项并加以忍耐;那么他就会博得安拉的喜悦;由于舍己为人得到丰厚的回赐。艾奈斯为博的安拉的喜悦付出了很对的钱财。最后说:“萨比特白那尼啊!我除了自己的戒指外,再也没有任何的黄金和白银了”(16)。

——————————————————

    标注:

    (1)布哈里穆斯林公决的圣训,《布哈里圣训集》563页第6378段圣训,533页第6334段圣训,534页第6344段圣训,但是字面有点不同,他说:据我的母亲传述,而没有说温姆素来姆传述;在155页第1982段圣训根据艾奈斯的传述:“先知去见温姆素来姆,然后她带来了椰枣和奶油。他说:“你们把奶油放入器皿中,把椰枣放入器皿中;因为我是斋戒者,然后他站在房子的一角做副功拜,之后他为温姆素来姆及她的家人做了祈祷。温姆素来姆说:主的使者啊!我有一个小小的要求。他说:“是什么?”她回答说:就是你的侍奉者艾奈斯。然后主的使者为我祈祷了两世的幸福。祈祷说:“主啊!求您赐予他钱财和子女,求您赐予他吉祥”。我确实辅士中最有钱的人,我的女儿奥买奶告诉我,我的子孙有120人。《穆斯林圣训集》113页2480——2481段圣训,780页660段圣训。

    (2)《布哈里圣训集》101页1301段圣训,471页5470段圣训《穆斯林圣训集》1060页2144段圣训,他俩都传自与艾奈斯。他说:艾布塔里哈的儿子生病了,之后艾布塔里哈有事出去了,孩子归真了。当艾布塔里哈回来后询问;“我的儿子怎么样了?”温姆素来姆回答:比刚才的安静多了。然后她给他端来了晚饭,他吃完饭后又她同床……”简单的提到圣训。

    (3)《海纳百川》第四册1940页;《精辟》第二册66页;《森林中的雄狮》第六册345页;《正确的点评圣门弟子》第八册228页。

    (4)《辞海》109页,《阿拉伯语》第十册396页;《精选圣训》20页;《灿烂的东方》第一册113页。

    (5)《杰出的领袖的生平》第二册305页。

    (6)《伊本班塔里的注释》第七册174页;《布哈里圣训集》第四册288页。

    (7)《方针》16册258页。

    (8)《布哈里圣训集》第四册288页。

    (9)《众先知章》35节。

    (10)《布哈里圣训集》535页6368段圣训;《穆斯林圣训集》1148页589段圣训。

    (11)《上午章》6——8节。

    (12)《布哈里圣训集》524页6449段圣训《穆斯林圣训集》1152页2737段圣训。

    (13)退布里在其圣训集第七册294页7181段圣训;伊本·泰米也说:是捏造的,其圣训传述链是羸弱的,众所周知它是属于阿卜杜热哈曼·本·吉压得的话。正如伊本·而定也在其著作第一册344页;《解惑》第二册113页。

    (14)《穆斯林圣训集》1149页2713段圣训。

    (15)布哈里穆斯林圣训集公决的圣训,《布哈里圣训集》110页1409段圣训;《穆斯林圣训集》805页816段圣训。

    (16)《艾哈默德圣训集》第三册248段圣训,有人询问伊斯兰的长老伊本·泰米也有关感恩的富有者优越于忍耐的贫穷者的问题。然后他回答说:“他们中最优越的人就是最敬畏安拉者,如果敬畏安拉方面他们俩旗鼓相当,那么他们俩的等级就不分上下。”关于这个问题可以参阅《伊本·班塔里的解释》第十册167页;《解释圣训的分歧》155——158页;《复兴宗教知识》第四册201页;《布哈里圣训集解释》十一册329页;《万能主的薄施》第五册479页;《组里嘎尼的注释》第二册46页;《丝绸》第三册137页;《今世与宗教的礼节》189页。

 

 

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